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51. Watching Neighbors
Watching Neighbors Documenting Deportation Watching Neighbors A resident in a nearby building ... from a window. Children gather nearby. After transport to the transit camp of Westerbork, most were ... imprisonment or even death. Why might a neighbor risk taking this photo? Amsterdam Westerbork Detention Camp
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52. Manufacturing Death
specialized in pesticides. The company produced Zyklon B, a chemical commonly used to kill lice in Nazi camps ... . In 1941, German officials began applying Zyklon B to a new purpose: gassing prisoners at Auschwitz ... gassed using Zyklon B. Most were European Jews. A label on this can of Degesch’s Zyklon B includes ... a warning of “poison gas!” Forced Labor Gassing Operations
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53. Students and Teachers Assemble
Assemble A crowd gathers in a square in Mosbach, Germany, during Kristallnacht. Sacred objects from a local ... adults Sacred objects from a synagogue Neighbors watching
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54. Teaching Materials
features determined a person’s “racial fitness.” A German school principal named Alfred ... Vogel produced this and other racist, anti-Jewish charts for a biology textbook in 1938. The book ... emphasized that “race mixing” would degrade a “German race” and cause crime, disease
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55. Last Mementos
Last Mementos A Non-Jewish Family Risks Everything Last Mementos In 1942, when German authorities ... had little hope for survival. Clara described in her diary a desire to preserve the memory of their ... friendship. The group decided to pose for a final portrait together. When Soviet troops drove the Germans out ... of Żółkiew in July 1944, Clara and her family emerged from hiding and began a new life
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56. Close to Death
Close to Death Close to Death There was a soldier assigned to watch us, and he saw my eyes open ... So he came and shot me in the chest one more time. — Mohammadul, a Rohingya man Nose pressed ... happening around him. He heard an officer make a phone call. The officer paused, turned to the nearby ... compound. They forced him into a seated position with his two male relatives on either side. The soldiers
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57. State of Deception: the Power of Nazi Propaganda
Propaganda is a truly terrible weapon in the hands of an expert. —Adolf Hitler, Mein Kampf (1924 ... ) During a span of two decades, Nazi leaders showed the world bold new ways to use the weapon of propaganda ... members presented appealing visions of a New Order: a prosperous Europe led by Germany. At the same time ... Germany, pursuing a racist and antisemitic agenda, ultimately drove the world into a war that cost the
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58. Closer Than Blood
Closer Than Blood A Non-Jewish Family Risks Everything “Closer than Blood” Fourteen ... Clara’s family crammed into a small crawl space they had built under a neighborhood home. A non ... The Becks lived in the house, sleeping in a bedroom positioned over the crawl space. Using the trap ... door, the Becks provided food and offered the families a lifeline to the outside world. Those hiding in
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59. “Get with the times!”
Sigmund Weinstein and his family from a violent mob during the Kristallnacht attacks of November 1938. A ... a few months later when the local mayor asked him for help expelling a Jewish man named Siegfried ... Mannsbach. Mannsbach was a 61-year-old German veteran who had refused demands to leave Germany or to hand ... 1941. What might have caused Officer Troch's behavior toward Jews to change in just a few short months
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60. Pressure to Act
to mobilize a US government response. Eyewitness in the White House Jan Karski, a member of the ... Polish underground resistance, witnessed the horrors suffered by Jews in the Warsaw Ghetto and in a ... persuaded members of Congress to introduce a resolution intended to pressure President Roosevelt to ... formulate a plan for rescuing Jews in Europe. Interview with Jan Karski Watch excerpts from Karski’s oral
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61. Workers
Workers Workers Some ordinary people played a role in the Holocaust simply by doing their jobs ... -death consequences for others. While earning a paycheck, many of these workers made choices that aided ... the Nazi persecution and murder of European Jews. A rare few decided to risk their jobs—and
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62. Belonging
camps because they fear for their lives if they return home. They have faced persecution before. After a ... forms part of a larger, sustained campaign of genocide. It will take us a hundred years to get back the ... life we had been living since our forefathers. — Ayub, a Rohingya man
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63. Toys and Games as Propaganda Tools
often reinforced the regime’s policies and goals. Juden Raus! (Jews Out!) was a board game in ... rolled the dice, and if they landed on a circle that represented a Jewish business—they collected a
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64. Propaganda Technique: Public Meetings and Rallies
the 1920s, Hitler earned a reputation as a spell-binding orator. His speeches were far more dynamic ... than many other German politicians of the time. Contemporary observers have noted how audiences felt a ... . The Nazis liked the spoken word for more practical reasons. It was the cheapest form of getting a
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65. Sketches from Childhood
Sketches from Childhood A Town Gathers to See Jewish Neighbors Deported Sketches from ... depicts a young prisoner (possibly Manfred himself) and a French camp guard. Cold, disease, and ... hunger took a deadly toll on prisoners in Gurs. Of 21 Jewish Germans sent there from Philippsburg, 6 died
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66. Fashion, Rebellion, Resistance
Fashion, Rebellion, Resistance A Youth Movement Opposes Nazism Fashion, Rebellion, Resistance ... Fifteen-year-old Maurice Lombart was arrested in June 1942 by French police officers for wearing a ... star protests of 1942, Maurice was part of the zazou scene in Paris. Zazous embraced a new, subversive ... —big suits and short skirts—as a form of protest. Because their appearance signaled an opposition
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67. No Longer Safe
No Longer Safe A Friend Joins an Anti-Jewish Mob No Longer Safe Like thousands of other Jewish men ... during Kristallnacht, Ruth’s father was arrested by the Gestapo and sent to a concentration camp ... find a way out for their children. Ruth and her brother left Germany in May 1939 as part of a
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68. Leaving Their Old Lives Behind
a truck during a heavy monsoon rain. The previous day, the Burmese military attacked her village in ... Burma. She left for Bangladesh shortly after with a group of other Rohingya. Now, they make the two-hour ... than ten days, she wrapped herself in a heavy blanket to battle the chills from a high fever. Rohingya ... like Dilara faced crowded living conditions and a lack of clean water, sanitation, and medical care in
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69. Fear of Spies
and tips on acts against the national defense have reached the astounding maximum of nearly 3,000 a ... referred to as a “fifth column,” dominated American culture. Fears worsened in the spring of 1940 when Nazi ... country down from within. In a June 1940 poll, 72 percent of Americans believed Germany had already placed ... cautionary articles in popular magazines about spies and saboteurs in the United States. In a May 1940 radio
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70. Oral History: Ruth Rack
Oral History: Ruth Rack GroyLu7l_gw A Friend Joins an Anti-Jewish Mob Oral History: Ruth Rack We ... Ruth and her brother, Bob, attended a mostly non-Jewish school in Leipzig, Germany. Bob played sports ... playmates threw a rock through the family’s window. The rock bore a note: “Jews get out ... Kristallnacht, as Ruth struggled through crowds harassing her in the street, she saw a familiar face: her friend
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71. Oral History: Norbertas Jokūbauskas
forced to undress and walk toward a mass grave, a young Lithuanian Jewish woman recognized the man ... shot. The guard was a young Lithuanian man named Norbertas Jokūbauskas. Like many other non-Jewish ... Lithuanians, he had volunteered in 1941 to fight in Germany’s war against a shared enemy: the Soviet ... people in the Soviet Union. Despite what seems to be a fondness for the young woman, Norbertas claimed
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72. Oral History: Frank Ullman
Oral History: Frank Ullman Cza81nSTQVU A Lifeline and a Good Luck Charm Oral History: Frank Ullman ... . . . harm’s way.' In occupied Amsterdam in 1943, Frank Ullman, his wife, and their young son were facing a ... called on an old contact for help. Before the war, he had gotten to know a rug merchant named Kena ... Despite their different backgrounds—Kena was a devout Muslim—the two had became friendly. When
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73. Admit Refugee Children?
,000 German refugee children under the age of 14 over a two-year period. The bill specified that the 10 ... commented on the proposal to admit refugee children. Opposed Senator Robert Reynolds, a Democrat from North ... Carolina and a vocal opponent of the bill, had recently proposed banning all immigration for ten years or ... until the nation solved its unemployment problems. His compromise, a five-year total ban on all
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74. Targeted
Targeted Targeted Chapter II In its first years as a new nation, the Burmese government recognized ... led a military dictatorship in Burma for decades. His government would come to be defined by policies ... . — Nur, a Rohingya man
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75. Celebrating the Invasion
Latvians saw Germany’s invasion of their country as a liberation from an enemy: the Soviet Union. In ... Riga. About a year before the German invasion of 1941, the Soviet Union had taken control of ... independent Latvia. Soviet authorities had unleashed a wave of terror, killing and deporting those who opposed