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1701. 避难
难民直到1941年2月。 为身处波兰沦陷区的家人担心 逃亡者们经常为仍身处在沦陷区的家人而忧心忡忡。在德国占领波兰的之初的几个月里,所有的波兰居民几乎有着同样的遭遇。但纳粹对犹太人的种族隔离 政策和 ... 立陶宛的临时避难所 在1939年的秋冬季节,约1万5千名波兰籍犹太人选择政治上中立的立陶宛作为他们的临时避难所,其中大部分人呆 在了维尔纳(Vilna)。他们中的大部分人是各类受过良好教育的知识 ... 分子。在深受战祸的波兰,他们因为其犹太民族的文化思想、政治立场和宗教信仰而面临 迫害。一些家庭运用金钱渠道逃离战争和沦陷带来的危险。许多流亡者希望最终到达美国或是巴勒斯坦。 大部分流亡者在逃亡时仅 ... 携带了很少的财产,而在立陶宛又不允许工作,所以他们只能依靠他人的帮助才得以生存。其中最大一笔救济物资和救济金来自一 个美国犹太人慈善组织——联合救济委员会。面对着不确定的未来,牵挂着仍处在沦陷的波兰境内
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1702. 纽伦堡审判
战后,对大屠杀负有责任的罪犯遭到审判。这场从 1945 年持续到 1946 年的审判被选在德国纽伦堡进行。来自英国、法国、苏联和美国的盟国法官主持了对 22 名纳粹主要战犯的预审 ... 罪犯没有受到审问,一些人逃离德国,生活在国外,其中有数百人到了美国。 对纳粹的审判在德国和许多其他国家同时进行。纳粹猎人西蒙·维森塔尔 (Simon Wiesenthal) 在阿根廷找到了 ... (International Military Tribunal, IMT) 由来自美国、英国、法国和苏联的检查官组成。根据国际军事法庭宪章第 6 条,在德国纽伦堡,纳粹主要领导人将受到指控和审讯。罪名如下:(1) 阴谋策划了 ... 下述第 2、3 和 4 项指控;(2) 破坏和平罪,指违反多项国际法,参与计划和发动侵略战争;(3) 战争罪,指违反国际战争法规;(4) 反人类罪,指“在战争发生前或战争期间,对任何平民之谋杀、灭绝
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1703. 战犯(精简文章)
德国变成了警察国家,他们成为推行纳粹政权意识形态的中坚力量。为实现这一目标,党卫军罪行累累。党卫军和警察的指挥官们命令特别行动队(流动屠杀分队)在德占苏联领土上对犹太男性、女性和儿童进行有 ... 组织的残酷射杀。在徳占波兰,党卫军建立了屠杀中心并配备毒气室,以便实现大屠杀的“流水线作业”。然而,党卫军无法独立完成规模如此庞大的屠杀。“最终解决”计划的实施需要军方以及被占领土上德国 ... 来保管掠夺来的货币和黄金,为党卫军的屠杀行动提供资金支持。德国的医生和其他医疗从业人员在纳粹的资助下实施“安乐死”计划,杀害了上万名精神病患和残疾病患。其他一些医生则残忍地实施了不道德的医学实验,并在
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1704. Two young children exchange cigarette coupons on the street in Berlin.
CHILDREN (4-12 YEARS); CHILDREN/YOUTH; JEWS (GERMAN); OTC (ONE THOUSAND CHILDREN); STREET SCENES ... sheltered about one hundred children who had lost one or both parents. Heinz' father, who was himself an ... children on this convoy who left without their parents later became known as the One Thousand Children
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1705. Six-year-old Heinz Stephan Lewy poses in the yard of the Baruch Auerbach Jewish orphanage in Berlin.
/YOUTH; JEWS (GERMAN); ORPHANS; OTC (ONE THOUSAND CHILDREN) ... sheltered about one hundred children who had lost one or both parents. Heinz' father, who was himself an ... children on this convoy who left without their parents later became known as the One Thousand Children
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1706. Heinz Stephan Lewy poses with his father and stepmother in their home in Berlin, shortly before his departure on a Kindertransport to France.
(ONE THOUSAND CHILDREN) ... sheltered about one hundred children who had lost one or both parents. Heinz' father, who was himself an ... children on this convoy who left without their parents later became known as the One Thousand Children
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1707. Portrait of Heinz Stephan Lewy in American army uniform.
CLOSE-UPS; JEWS (GERMAN); OTC (ONE THOUSAND CHILDREN); REFUGEES (JEWISH); SOLDIERS/MILITARY ... sheltered about one hundred children who had lost one or both parents. Heinz' father, who was himself an ... children on this convoy who left without their parents later became known as the One Thousand Children
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1708. Jewish refugee children in Caldas de Malavella.
CHILDREN (4-12 YEARS); CHILDREN/YOUTH; GROUP PORTRAITS; OTC (ONE THOUSAND CHILDREN); REFUGEE CAMPS ... Anna were sent to one jail, Willy to another, and Michel was taken to an orphanage. After a week or ... together for one week before Michel departed for the US aboard the Serpa Pinto. (The children on this ... convoy who left without their parents later became known as the One Thousand Children.) Michel arrived in
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1709. Jewish refugee children in Caldas de Malavella. Among those pictured is Michel Margosis.
CHILDREN/YOUTH; GROUP PORTRAITS; OTC (ONE THOUSAND CHILDREN); REFUGEE CAMPS/CENTERS; REFUGEES ... Anna were sent to one jail, Willy to another, and Michel was taken to an orphanage. After a week or ... together for one week before Michel departed for the US aboard the Serpa Pinto. (The children on this ... convoy who left without their parents later became known as the One Thousand Children.) Michel arrived in
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1710. Children from the Israelitisches Waisenhaus in Frankfurt, at the Buchrainweiher/Offenbach am Main.
CHILDREN (4-12 YEARS); CHILDREN'S HOMES; CHILDREN/YOUTH; GROUP PORTRAITS; OTC (ONE THOUSAND ... 's synagogue and destroyed them. There were older men hiding in the home. One was caught and tortured in ... Spain to Portugal where he boarded the Mouzinho, and arrived in New York in June 1941. Heinz was one of ... the One Thousand Children. This is the recent name given to the group of Holocaust child survivors
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1711. Werner Rindsberg and his friend, Walter Strauss, pose together outside the children's home in Seyre.
CHILDREN'S HOMES (SEYRE); CHILDREN/YOUTH; CLOSE-UPS; OTC (ONE THOUSAND CHILDREN); SECOURS SUISSE ... placed in the Speyer children's home in a Brussel's suburb. One year later, in May 10, 1940, Germany ... for the younger ones and worked on nearby farms. Food and clothing were in short supply. The ... Of the original 100 plus children about 90 survived, but twelve teenagers and one adult were deported
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1712. Emil Tennenbaum (later Tanner) and Leo Beller stand in front of the plywood business owned by Leo Tennenbaum (Paul Beller's maternal grandfather).
BUSINESSES; BUSINESSES (JEWISH); ENTRANCES; JEWS (AUSTRIAN); OTC (ONE THOUSAND CHILDREN); WOOD ... The couple had one son, Paul, who was born on November 20, 1931. In the spring of 1939, fearful of ... citizenship, was officially stateless. He managed to evade arrest at one point by having his appendix removed
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1713. Second grade class in a Jewish school in Vienna. Among those pictured is Erwin Tepper (front row, third from right).
(AUSTRIAN); OTC (ONE THOUSAND CHILDREN); SCHOOLS/TEACHERS/CLASSES ... one of this group, and he was. Erwin left Germany in May 1939, on the S.S. President Harding, and when
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1714. Studio portrait of Erwin Tepper holding a ball.
(AUSTRIAN); OTC (ONE THOUSAND CHILDREN); STUDIO PORTRAITS; TOYS/BALLS/GAMES ... one of this group, and he was. Erwin left Germany in May 1939, on the S.S. President Harding, and when
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1715. Studio portrait of Erwin Tepper and his parents, Juda and Schifra Tepper.
(ONE THOUSAND CHILDREN); STUDIO PORTRAITS ... one of this group, and he was. Erwin left Germany in May 1939, on the S.S. President Harding, and when
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1716. Juda and Schifra Tepper entertain guests in their apartment in Vienna.
(POLISH); OTC (ONE THOUSAND CHILDREN); TABLES ... one of this group, and he was. Erwin left Germany in May 1939, on the S.S. President Harding, and when
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1717. A twelve-year old Austrian Jewish boy. Pictured is Freddy Fein, a cousin of Erwin Tepper.
(AUSTRIAN); OTC (ONE THOUSAND CHILDREN) ... one of this group, and he was. Erwin left Germany in May 1939, on the S.S. President Harding, and when
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1718. Front of the women's lingerie shop where Juda Tepper worked in Vienna.
OTC (ONE THOUSAND CHILDREN); STREET SCENES ... one of this group, and he was. Erwin left Germany in May 1939, on the S.S. President Harding, and when
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1719. Martin Spett
1939 年,德国人占领了塔尔努夫 (Tarnow),1940 年,Martin 及其家人被迫离开家园。在对犹太人实施的第一次大屠杀期间,Martin 藏在了一间阁楼里。一家人躲过了两次以上的 ... 围捕。因为 Martin 的母亲出生在美国,1943 年 5 月,他们被登记在册,并依其申述与德国战俘进行交换。他们被用火车带到克拉科夫,随后带到贝尔根 - 贝尔森 (Bergen-Belsen ... 集中营。Martin 在 1945 年被解放,并于 1947 年移居美国。
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1720. 抵抗运动
面对纳粹威胁,许多犹太人对德国人及其帮凶进行了抵抗。纳粹占领下东欧的100多座隔都开展了地下抵抗运动在。此外,在最艰难的条件下,犹太囚犯在一些纳粹营地成功举行了起义。在法国、比利时、乌克兰、白 ... 俄罗斯、立陶宛和波兰,犹太游击队也采取了行动。犹太人还在法国、意大利、南斯拉夫、希腊和苏联抵抗组织中参加了战斗。抵抗纳粹最直接的方式是有组织的武装反抗,抵抗的形式还包括逃跑、躲藏、文化活动以及其他激昂斗志
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1721. 大屠杀的余波
盟军部队在对德国发起一系列攻势后挺进欧洲大陆,并开始解救沿途的集中营中的囚犯。大部分囚犯都是通往德国内地的“死亡行军”的幸存者。被解救之后,由于反犹主义以及大屠杀期间对犹太社区的破坏,许多犹太 ... 幸存者无法也不愿意返回东欧。返回东欧的犹太人也往往活在死亡的阴影之下。很多无家可归的大屠杀幸存者向西迁移到盟军解放的土地上,在那里他们被安置在难民营和难民中心,同时等待时机离开欧洲。
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1722. Persian Language Anne Frank: The Graphic Biography Launched
IRANWIRE.COM LAUNCH ANNE FRANK: THE GRAPHIC BIOGRAPHY, MAKING HER STORY, AVAILABLE IN PERSIAN, MORE ... ACCESSIBLE FOR YOUNG IRANIAN AUDIENCES Developed through the Museum’s and Iranwire.com’s The Sardari ... Holocaust Memorial Museum and IranWire.com launchd Anne Frank: The Graphic Biography, a centerpiece in the ... as well as the social-messaging app, Telegram. It is also available on SardariProject.com
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1723. 1943 年 4 月至 5 月华沙隔都起义期间被德军逮捕的犹太人。
1943 年 4 月至 5 月华沙隔都起义期间被德军逮捕的犹太人。这张照片出现在斯特鲁普报告中,这是镇压华沙隔都起义的德国军队指挥官党卫军少将于尔根•斯特鲁普(Juergen Stroop ... )拍摄的一本照片簿。这本照片簿在纽伦堡国际军事法庭上被作为证据。审判过后的数十年间,这张照片已经成为大屠杀的标志性图像之一。
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1724. 第一次世界大战
社会、政治、经济和土地方面进行了激进的改革,令西方民主政府恐惧,他们如此害怕共产主义在整个欧洲蔓延以致在二十世纪二十年代至三十年愿意对右翼政权(包括阿道夫·希特勒 ... 决策。 谈判因德国的要求而搁浅,德军对东面战线发起全面进攻,导致于 1918 年 3 月 6 日在布列斯特-立陶夫斯克 (Brest-Litovsk) 签署和平条约。 协 ... 1918 年 11 月 9 日,在广泛的动乱之中,威廉二世皇帝遭德军指挥官们遗弃而被迫退位。 同日,社会民主党代表菲利普·谢德曼宣布德国为共和国,临时政府由弗里德里希·艾伯特领导。 两天后,德国代表在天主教 ... 领导未能对日益增长的机械化战争性质进行策略调整。 消耗战政策,特别是在西线,导致数十万士兵丧失生命。1916 年 7 月 1 日是单日伤亡人数最惨重的一天,仅仅在索姆河战役,英国军队的伤亡人数就达到
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1725. Niels Bamberger
Niels 出生在一个犹太教徒家庭。1932 年,一家人逃到丹麦的哥本哈根,在那里,父亲于 30 年代中期开了一家古董店。1940 年 4 月,德国人入侵了丹麦,但对 Niels 来说,在丹麦 ... 到达瑞典。Niels 在 1945 年 5 月回到丹麦。