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1. Rescue in Budapest, 1944-1945
Raoul Wallenberg, a Swedish businessman assigned as a diplomat to ... countries also participated in the rescue effort. Carl Lutz, a Swiss diplomat, issued certificates of ... as a Spanish diplomat, issued certificates of protection to many Jews in Budapest under the name of
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2. Killing Centers in German-occupied Poland, 1942
Poland). Auschwitz functioned as concentration and forced-labor camps, as well as a killing center. The ... this map, the Majdanek camp is labeled as a killing center. In the past, many scholars counted the ... Majdanek camp (located just outside the city of Lublin) as a sixth killing center. However, based on newer ... research, Lublin-Majdanek is usually classified as a concentration camp. According to this research, German
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3. The Holocaust
Nazis came to power in Germany in January 1933. They believed that the Germans belonged to a race ... that was "superior" to all others. They claimed that the Jews belonged to a race that was "inferior ... and a threat to the so-called German racial community. By 1945, the Germans and their allies
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4. The Dissolution of the Ottoman Empire, 1807-1924
what was initially a small principality in northwestern Anatolia (Asia Minor). Over the course of the ... power under Suleiman the Magnificent (1494-1566), the Ottoman Empire represented a vast multilingual and ... During a period of decline, the Empire lost much of its territory in southeastern Europe and the Balkans
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5. The Warsaw Ghetto
Before World War II, Warsaw was a center of Jewish life and ... in Warsaw—the largest in Europe—held over 400,000 Jews engaged in a constant struggle for survival.
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6. Einsatzgruppen massacre sites in Ukraine and surrounding areas
recruits). The Einsatzgruppen were a relatively small group. Without additional forces, the systematic mass ... with a yellow dot). The massacre at Babyn Yar was one of the largest mass killings at a single location
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7. Rescue
Despite the fear or indifference of most Europeans, a brave minority risked their lives to help ... individuals acted courageously to rescue Jews. These acts of conscience and courage, however, saved only a
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8. Major ghettos in occupied Europe
ghettos were enclosed districts of a city in which the Germans forced the Jewish population to live under ... miserable conditions. The Germans regarded the establishment of Jewish ghettos as a provisional measure to
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9. Auschwitz environs, summer 1944
Auschwitz was the largest camp established by the Germans. It was a complex of camps, including ... a concentration, extermination, and forced-labor camp. It was located at the town of Oswiecim near
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10. Ghettos in occupied Poland, 1939-1941
established. Ghettos were enclosed districts of a city in which the Germans forced the Jewish population to ... population as a whole and from neighboring Jewish communities. The Warsaw ghetto, established on October 12
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11. Warsaw ghetto uprising, 1943
occupied Warsaw on September 29, 1939. In October 1940, the Germans ordered the establishment of a ghetto ... rest of the city in November 1940. The ghetto was enclosed by a wall that was over 10 feet high, topped
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12. The Lodz Ghetto
established a ghetto in Lodz and crowded more than 150,000 Jews into an area of ... about one and a half square miles. In 1941 and 1942 almost 40,000 Central European Jews and 5
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13. Liberation of major Nazi camps, 1944-1945
As Allied troops moved across Europe in a series of offensives on Germany, they began to ... interior of Germany. Soviet forces were the first to approach a major Nazi camp, reaching the
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14. Voyage of the "St. Louis," May 13-June 17, 1939
the voyage of the SS "St. Louis." On May 13, 1939, the SS "St. Louis," a ... German ocean liner, left Germany with almost a thousand Jewish refugees on
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15. Germany, 1933
as a preliminary step toward the restoration of German power and the creation of a German empire in
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16. European Jewish population distribution, ca. 1933
the Soviet Union. Before the Nazi takeover of power in 1933, Europe had a ... dynamic and highly developed Jewish culture. In little more than a decade, most of Europe would be
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17. German territorial losses, Treaty of Versailles, 1919
received the Hultschin district from Germany; the largely German city of Danzig became a free city under ... the protection of the League of Nations; and Memel, a small strip of territory in East Prussia along
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18. Mauthausen environs, April 1945
A map of the Mauthausen concentration camp environs in April 1945.
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19. Mauthausen concentration camp, April 1945
A map of the Mauthausen concentration camp in April 1945.
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20. Auschwitz
Auschwitz played a central role in the
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21. Liberation of Nazi camps
As Allied troops moved across Europe in a series of offensives against
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22. Rescue of Danish Jews, fall 1943
1943, Danes spontaneously organized a rescue operation and helped Jews reach the coast; fishermen then
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23. Jewish armed resistance in ghettos and camps, 1941-1944
the Germans and that only a handful of fighters would succeed in escaping to join with partisans
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24. The Voyage of the St. Louis
had caused a flood of visa applications. The plight of German-Jewish refugees, persecuted at home and
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25. Berlin environs, 1942
Berlin was a center of Jewish life in Germany and—as the capital of the Reich—also the center